Theorectical Bases For Counseling Essay Example For Students

Theorectical Bases For Counseling Essay Five major theoretical bases for counseling in psychology are biological, learning, cognitive, psychodynamic, and sociocultural. Each one of these perspectives searches for answers about behavior through different techniques and researching a clients childhood or adult life experiences looking for answers to different kinds of questions. Due to the different types and styles of counseling approaches, each counselor forms their own thoughts and explanations. The premise behind the biological perspective in psychology is that all actions, feelings, and thoughts are associated with different events in a persons life. Biological psychologists examine how the electrical impulses, hormones, and chemicals flowing through the body can affect behavior. We will write a custom essay on Theorectical Bases For Counseling specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Physocologists are concerned with how the aspects of biology effect peoples emotions and their perception of events. Many of the important findings in psychology from the behavioral theory later evolving into the social learning theory or cognitive social learning theory. Behavior therapists used to believe that actions were responses to stimuli that were learned. This concept led to a broadening of psychology. Many groups that were often overlooked by psychologists until behavior therapy became the dominant school of psychology in the U.S. after the 1960s. The cognitive perspective of psychology focuses on the thought process. Psychologists from this school argue that it is necessary to know what is going on in the mind to fully understand why a person will do the things that they do. The reason for cognitive psychology is to understand how perceptions and interpretations relate to behavior. Why some people turn to violence when insulted while another person will not. Many critics of the psychodynamic therapy do not believe psychodynamic theories have any bearing on psychology. Based upon the fact that many of the psychoanalysis assumptions could not be verified. Research psychologists were more related to philosophy rather than clinical science. Though not as scientific as the other theories the psychodynamic theory is still associated with psychology. The sociocultural perspective concentrates on an individuals culture or society rather than the individual. To understand why people show certain behavior traits. Psychologists look at what effects the persons community and how other people affect a person. These five theoretical bases are similar because they all try to determine what causes a person to be how they are. If I were to do counseling, I think I would like to become a behavior therapist. I am fascinated by what makes a person what they are, and why does a person do what they do? Where do personalities come from? It is said that personality does come from a specific point in a persons childhood, and from there it continues to grow. A counselor must first look at certain assumptions that are commonly made when developing a behavioral theory. The first of these assumptions concerns whether one believes that the behaviors, type of action, a person exhibits are produced by choices and decisions made beyond a clients own control. Everyone has the power to choose their actions no matter of the influence of heredity and environment. A persons actions are not predetermined. Someone who grew up in an abusive and alcoholic family may as an adult become abusive and alcohol dependant. But it can be assumed that people have free will. There is always the option for a person to make his or her own decisions. When our class went to visit a C.A. P.S. rehabilitation house last month, I was able to talk to some of the people that lived there and I learned that each of them did make their own choices. I also learned that they are using their ability to change their choices to better themselves and their environments. I was amazed to see that the people that lived there were people just like me. The difference is they chose to make different choices than I did. .uaf0e4e03eaa0f441846882a803391eb7 , .uaf0e4e03eaa0f441846882a803391eb7 .postImageUrl , .uaf0e4e03eaa0f441846882a803391eb7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uaf0e4e03eaa0f441846882a803391eb7 , .uaf0e4e03eaa0f441846882a803391eb7:hover , .uaf0e4e03eaa0f441846882a803391eb7:visited , .uaf0e4e03eaa0f441846882a803391eb7:active { border:0!important; } .uaf0e4e03eaa0f441846882a803391eb7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uaf0e4e03eaa0f441846882a803391eb7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uaf0e4e03eaa0f441846882a803391eb7:active , .uaf0e4e03eaa0f441846882a803391eb7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uaf0e4e03eaa0f441846882a803391eb7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uaf0e4e03eaa0f441846882a803391eb7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uaf0e4e03eaa0f441846882a803391eb7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uaf0e4e03eaa0f441846882a803391eb7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uaf0e4e03eaa0f441846882a803391eb7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uaf0e4e03eaa0f441846882a803391eb7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uaf0e4e03eaa0f441846882a803391eb7 .uaf0e4e03eaa0f441846882a803391eb7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uaf0e4e03eaa0f441846882a803391eb7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Muckrakers Essay Some chose drugs, alcohol and crime. Some made all of these choices and some didnt. I do feel that some choices are learning experiences that can give a person the choice to do better or worse. Words / Pages : 671 / 24 . Theorectical Bases For Counseling Essay Example For Students Theorectical Bases For Counseling Essay Five major theoretical bases for counseling in psychology are biological, learning, cognitive, psychodynamic, and sociocultural. Each one of these perspectives searches for answers about behavior through different techniques and researching a clients childhood or adult life experiences looking for answers to different kinds of questions. Due to the different types and styles of counseling approaches, each counselor forms their own thoughts and explanations. The premise behind the biological perspective in psychology is that all actions, feelings, and thoughts are associated with different events in a persons life. Biological psychologists examine how the electrical impulses, hormones, and chemicals flowing through the body can affect behavior. We will write a custom essay on Theorectical Bases For Counseling specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Physocologists are concerned with how the aspects of biology effect peoples emotions and their perception of events. Many of the important findings in psychology from the behavioral theory later evolving into the social learning theory or cognitive social learning theory. Behavior therapists used to believe that actions were responses to stimuli that were learned. This concept led to a broadening of psychology. Many groups that were often overlooked by psychologists until behavior therapy became the dominant school of psychology in the U.S. after the 1960s. The cognitive perspective of psychology focuses on the thought process. Psychologists from this school argue that it is necessary to know what is going on in the mind to fully understand why a person will do the things that they do. The reason for cognitive psychology is to understand how perceptions and interpretations relate to behavior. Why some people turn to violence when insulted while another person will not. Many critics of the psychodynamic therapy do not believe psychodynamic theories have any bearing on psychology. Based upon the fact that many of the psychoanalysis assumptions could not be verified. Research psychologists were more related to philosophy rather than clinical science. Though not as scientific as the other theories the psychodynamic theory is still associated with psychology. The sociocultural perspective concentrates on an individuals culture or society rather than the individual. To understand why people show certain behavior traits. Psychologists look at what effects the persons community and how other people affect a person. These five theoretical bases are similar because they all try to determine what causes a person to be how they are. If I were to do counseling, I think I would like to become a behavior therapist. I am fascinated by what makes a person what they are, and why does a person do what they do? Where do personalities come from? It is said that personality does come from a specific point in a persons childhood, and from there it continues to grow. A counselor must first look at certain assumptions that are commonly made when developing a behavioral theory. The first of these assumptions concerns whether one believes that the behaviors, type of action, a person exhibits are produced by choices and decisions made beyond a clients own control. Everyone has the power to choose their actions no matter of the influence of heredity and environment. A persons actions are not predetermined. Someone who grew up in an abusive and alcoholic family may as an adult become abusive and alcohol dependant. But it can be assumed that people have free will. There is always the option for a person to make his or her own decisions. When our class went to visit a C.A. P.S. rehabilitation house last month, I was able to talk to some of the people that lived there and I learned that each of them did make their own choices. I also learned that they are using their ability to change their choices to better themselves and their environments. I was amazed to see that the people that lived there were people just like me. The difference is they chose to make different choices than I did. .u5d7f5578e69999dd307b6cebc3515e89 , .u5d7f5578e69999dd307b6cebc3515e89 .postImageUrl , .u5d7f5578e69999dd307b6cebc3515e89 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5d7f5578e69999dd307b6cebc3515e89 , .u5d7f5578e69999dd307b6cebc3515e89:hover , .u5d7f5578e69999dd307b6cebc3515e89:visited , .u5d7f5578e69999dd307b6cebc3515e89:active { border:0!important; } .u5d7f5578e69999dd307b6cebc3515e89 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5d7f5578e69999dd307b6cebc3515e89 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5d7f5578e69999dd307b6cebc3515e89:active , .u5d7f5578e69999dd307b6cebc3515e89:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5d7f5578e69999dd307b6cebc3515e89 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5d7f5578e69999dd307b6cebc3515e89 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5d7f5578e69999dd307b6cebc3515e89 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5d7f5578e69999dd307b6cebc3515e89 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5d7f5578e69999dd307b6cebc3515e89:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5d7f5578e69999dd307b6cebc3515e89 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5d7f5578e69999dd307b6cebc3515e89 .u5d7f5578e69999dd307b6cebc3515e89-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5d7f5578e69999dd307b6cebc3515e89:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: In Cold Blood Essay Some chose drugs, alcohol and crime. Some made all of these choices and some didnt. I do feel that some choices are learning experiences that can give a person the choice to do better or worse. .

John Gilberto Rodriguez essays

John Gilberto Rodriguez essays "Poderoso y polmico" son algunos de las palabras usaron para describir el trabajo artà ­stico de John Gilbert Rodrà ­guez. La fotografà ­a no ha sido un medio fuerte y popular a expresar o comunicar la experiencia de Latino y la cultura en nuestra sociedad. Ni lo tiene fue expresado de un punto de Veterano de Chicano Vietnam del panorama. Todavà ­a, para un grupo grande de nuestros ciudadanos, este trabajo y estas imgenes representan una interpretacin de la cultura, los sentimientos y las emociones de la comunidad de Chicano. Para tan grande como la comunidad est en este paà ­s y particularmente en California; muy pocos fotgrafo registra estos complejo y a gente apasionada. Nacido en San Jos, residiendo actualmente en el Este San Jos, John uni al Ejrcito en 1968 y luch en Vietnam donde l se wounded en la accin. El gast amara ha llegado a ser mi voz. Habla para mis pensamientos, los sentimientos, las experiencias y las ideas. Hoy, yo no bà ºsqueda ms larga para la imagen, est en mà ­, y es quin yo soy." El trabajo cubre los perà ­odos diferentes del desarrollo en la vida de artista y conocimiento, e incluye retratos mviles de individuos y expresiones personales de la vida polà ­tica y cultural de la comunidad de Chicano. El trabajo de Rodrà ­guez de John Gilbert se ha representado en El Andar Revista Bilinge, Arte Latino, la Galerà ­a de Fotgrafo, la Galerà ­a de Ojo, Movimiento de Arte y Cultura Latino Americana, El Ella la Galerà ­a Gris, El Centro del Recurso de la Biblioteca de Chicano, la Liga Pacà ­fica del Arte y la Galerà ­a de la Asociacin de Fotgrafo de Publicidad de ...

A Comparison Of Machiavelli And Hobbes Politics Essay

A Comparison Of Machiavelli And Hobbes Politics Essay Machiavelli and Hobbes were the most important political philosophers of early modernity. Politically, modernitys earliest phase starts with  Niccolà ³ Machiavellis works which openly rejected the medieval and Aristotelian style of analyzing politics by comparison ideas about how things should be, in favor of realistic analysis of how things really are. He also proposed that an aim of politics is to control one’s own chance or fortune, and that relying upon providence actually leads to evil. Machiavelli argued, for example, that violent divisions within political communities are unavoidable, but can also be a source of strength which law-makers and leaders should account for and even encourage in some ways.   [ 1 ]    Machiavelli’s recommendations were sometimes influential upon kings and princes, but eventually came to be seen as favoring free republics over monarchies. Machiavelli in turn influenced  Francis Bacon,  Marchamont Needham,  Harrington,  Jo hn Milton,  David Hume, and many others.   [ 2 ]    Important modern political doctrines which stem from the new Machiavellian realism include  Mandeville’s influential proposal that â€Å"Private Vices by the dexterous Management of a skilful Politician may be turned into Public Benefits† (the last sentence of his  Fable of the Bees), and also the doctrine of a constitutional â€Å"separation of powers† in government, first clearly proposed by  Montesquieu. Both these principles are enshrined within the  constitutions  of most  modern democracies. It has been observed that while Machiavelli’s realism saw a value to war and political violence, his lasting influence has been â€Å"tamed† so that useful conflict was deliberately converted as much as possible to formalized political struggles and the economic â€Å"conflict† encouraged between free, private enterprises.   [ 3 ]    As I said in the first paragraph of this e ssay I will start with  Thomas Hobbes, attempts were made to use the methods of the new modern physical sciences, as proposed by  Bacon  and  Descartes, applied to humanity and politics. Notable attempts to improve upon the methodological approach of Hobbes include those of  Locke,  Spinoza,  Giambattista Vico  and Rousseau.  David Hume  made what he considered to be the first proper attempt at trying to apply Bacon’s scientific method to political subjects, rejecting some aspects of the approach of Hobbes.   [ 4 ]    Modernist republicanism openly influenced the foundation of republics during the  Dutch Revolt  (1568-1609),  English Civil War  (1642-1651),  American Revolution  (1775-1783) and the  French Revolution  (1789-1799 A second phase of modernist political thinking begins with Rousseau, who questioned the natural rationality and sociality of humanity and proposed that  human nature  was much more malleable than had been pr eviously thought. By this logic, what makes a good political system or a good man is completely dependent upon the chance path whole person has taken over history. This thought influenced the political (and aesthetic) thinking of  Immanuel Kant,  Edmund Burke  and others and led to a critical review of modernist politics. On the conservative side, Burke argued that this understanding encouraged caution and avoidance of radical change. However more ambitious movements also developed from this insight into human  culture, initially  Romanticism  and  Historicism, and eventually both the  Communism  of  Karl Marx, and the modern forms of  nationalism  inspired by the  French Revolution, including, in one extreme, the German  Nazi  movement.

International business organisation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

International business organisation - Essay Example Parallel to what stationary retailing, early consideration was just given to how the internet could be used as sales channel. Internationalization and international entrepreneurship SMEs has remained an issue of considerable relevance, principally to the observed growing effects of cross border venturing (European Commission, 2007). This realization was at the heart of the 2007 OECD-APEC study on at removing barriers to the SME Access towards the International Markets that provided general findings on the major barriers to SME internationalization as perceived by the SMEs and policymakers in the OECD and APEC member economies.1 The first internet presence happened with the international purchasing facilities in the year1997, and in 1999 this was when the first full scale online shop of Blue Tomato was opened. In its broad tendency, the Blue Tomato Company belongs to the born international group. In the year 2001, the second generation of internet shops then went online, making Blue Tomato as one of the leading snowboard mail order retailers in the subcontinent of Europe. The new shop generation was defined by the company as the internet shop, which was based on a completely new technology. Along with these were the test centers and snowboard schools, which were also grounds for direct customer contact. Today, the internet helps the Blue Tomato Company in internationalization through providing 90 per cent of the company’s total sales. This continues to take the upper trend. Limitations in the finance and the related physical resources have continued to be highlighted as the leading barrier to the internationalization of SMEs. The pertinent evidence would include the observed disadvantages faced by the Canadian international new ventures or the earlier stage SME exporters, relative to their more of an established counterpart, in regard to the access of the operating and term loans and the terms thereof. A

PHI445 FInal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

PHI445 FInal - Assignment Example One thing each company or organization needs to be aware of is that as much as businesses evolve, so does ethical norms. It is therefore important for each company to have a constant update to its business ethics. Non Profit Company: The American Future Fund American Future Fund or AFF is an organization started back in 2008. Individuals working with Mitt Romney during the 2008 bid for the Republican US Presidency pioneered it as non-profit making organization. The fund â€Å"advocates conservative and free-market principles† (Jacobson, 2012). The organization was established under 501(c) (4) US tax code, it is therefore allowed by law to raise an unlimited amount of money, but restricted to use this money for campaigning as its primary purpose. Ethical Problems the organization is facing For non-profit making organizations, most of their ethical issues can be summarized into seven key problems. As outlined by Santicola, (2006) these issues include tainted money, compensation, privacy, stewardship, conflict of interest, impropriety, and honesty/full disclosure. Any organization that is directly involved in politics is likely to face many ethical problems in its line of operation. AFF is not an exception, and since its inception, it has faced a number of lawsuits relating to its ethics. The main problems include the use of tainted money, compensation, appearance of impropriety, and honesty and full disclosure. ... The Iowa Democratic Party was convinced that AFF was using tainted money in running the ads and filed for a complaint with Iowa Ethics and Campaign Disclosure, to determine AFF’s donors. In February 2011, AFF faced another accusation by Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington (CREW), for tax violation. CREW seeks an investigation into AFF, where it has substantial evidence to question the organization’s honesty and disclosure. This suit also factors in other ethical issues that make the organization’s ethical standards questionable. Such issues include spending the organization's money to ask voters to vote against democrats, yet the mission of the organization is to support republicans to office. This is an appearance of impropriety since their methods may be arguable in court, but they are ethically inappropriate. AFF being a 501(c) (4) organization under US tax code, it is â€Å"allowed by law to raise an unlimited amount of money, but restricted to using this money for campaigning as its primary purpose†. In a bid to counter a decision made by Citizens United Supreme Court, AFF used more than $300 million to elect the 112th congress (CREW, 2011). This is a clear indication of compensation where the fundraisers of the organization are using donor funds for their own self-gain. With such claims directed towards the organization’s ethical standards, the organization is likely to face three major problems. First, the organization can end up being dissolved by the court if proven guilty of violating the tax code in its functions. Second, the organization ends u using many of its funds because of the various lawsuits that question its ethical standards. Thirdly, AFF is

Political campaigns Essay Example for Free

Political campaigns Essay Political campaigns also provide much to reflect and think upon. They are also vastly entertaining particularly as the gloves come out and opposing parties start to play for keeps. Campaign ads are a powerful tool to cast yourself in a specific way, like trustworthy, honourable, and ready to get things done. However they can also be used to make your opponent look foolish, incompetent etc. A well written and developed add can be very affective no matter the content but some ads just go above and beyond. My favourite political add from 2006 was the Western for Bill Richardson for Governor. This ad is a particular favourite not for who was running but for the creativity of the ad. What is more American than a western? The commercial is quintessentially American. Sheriffs are naturally portrayed as being honest, trustworthy, brave, ready to right wrongs, ready to fight. Just by portraying Bill Richardson as the sheriff all of these virtues are implied without having to even mention them. It is a great parallel that some of Richardson’s accomplishments mesh with traditional sheriff duties such as jailing of violent criminals. Not only is the western traditional and symbolic but the humour that is displayed at the end just adds to the campaign. It shows that Richardson is not afraid to have fun and laugh at himself a bit. After all what sheriff would walk into a saloon and ask for milk. In the old days that would be the beginning of a fight right then and there. This commercial was particularly well done. It told an interesting story particularly in pictures and it played to Richardson’s strengths. It is a traditional campaign move to attack your opponents and display them in a negative like but I appreciate how Richardson keeps the focus on himself. After all if you are trying to promote yourself the best way is to show your strengths. Someone will display the opposition’s weakness; it always happens so why not try to have some fun. This political add looked like a lot of fun and I am sure Richardson had a lot of fun making it.

Alice Walker :: essays research papers

†¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alice Walker was born on February 9, 1944 in Eatonton, Georgia. She was born into a poor sharecropper family, and the last of eight children. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At the age of 8 she was accidentally shot in the eye by her brother and was blinded on one eye until she the age of 14 when she got an operation and regained some of her sight. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This experience made her very secluded and reserved. She thought a lot about suicide but found comfort in writing. She became an observer rather than a participator in everyday life. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alice Walker herself has said: â€Å"I believe it is from this period – from my solitary, lonely position, the position of an outcast – that I began really to se people and things, really to notice relationships and to learn to be patient enough to care about how they turned out...† †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  She was one out of only six black students at the Sarah Lawrence College in New York where she received her Bachelor of Arts degree in 1965. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  AW has had some problems of her own; she was very depressed after an abortion in senior year at college. She slept with a razor under her pillow for three nights as she wanted to commit suicide. Instead she turned to writing and in a week she wrote the story â€Å"To Hell with Dying†. She only stopped writing to eat and sleep. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  AW always turned to writing when she was depressed, in these periods she got the greatest inspiration to her stories. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  AW and her ex-husband Melvyn Leventhal were the first legally married interracial couple to live in the state of Missisippi (married in 1967, divorced in 1976). They had a daughter, Rebecca. She later remarried fellow editor Robert Allen. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  AW was active in the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960’s. She has spoken for the women’s movement, the anti-apartheid movement, for the anti-nuclear movement and against female genital mutilation. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  AW calls herself â€Å"a womanist â€Å", her term for a black feminist. She is one of the female Afro-American writers founding the concept â€Å"New Black Renaissance† . Style †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  AW’s work is deeply rooted in oral tradition; in the passing on of stories from generation to generation in the language of the people. To AW the language had a great importance. She uses the â€Å"Slave language†, which by others is seen as â€Å"not correct language†, but this is because of the effect she wants the reader to understand. Alice Walker :: essays research papers †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alice Walker was born on February 9, 1944 in Eatonton, Georgia. She was born into a poor sharecropper family, and the last of eight children. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At the age of 8 she was accidentally shot in the eye by her brother and was blinded on one eye until she the age of 14 when she got an operation and regained some of her sight. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This experience made her very secluded and reserved. She thought a lot about suicide but found comfort in writing. She became an observer rather than a participator in everyday life. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Alice Walker herself has said: â€Å"I believe it is from this period – from my solitary, lonely position, the position of an outcast – that I began really to se people and things, really to notice relationships and to learn to be patient enough to care about how they turned out...† †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  She was one out of only six black students at the Sarah Lawrence College in New York where she received her Bachelor of Arts degree in 1965. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  AW has had some problems of her own; she was very depressed after an abortion in senior year at college. She slept with a razor under her pillow for three nights as she wanted to commit suicide. Instead she turned to writing and in a week she wrote the story â€Å"To Hell with Dying†. She only stopped writing to eat and sleep. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  AW always turned to writing when she was depressed, in these periods she got the greatest inspiration to her stories. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  AW and her ex-husband Melvyn Leventhal were the first legally married interracial couple to live in the state of Missisippi (married in 1967, divorced in 1976). They had a daughter, Rebecca. She later remarried fellow editor Robert Allen. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  AW was active in the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960’s. She has spoken for the women’s movement, the anti-apartheid movement, for the anti-nuclear movement and against female genital mutilation. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  AW calls herself â€Å"a womanist â€Å", her term for a black feminist. She is one of the female Afro-American writers founding the concept â€Å"New Black Renaissance† . Style †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  AW’s work is deeply rooted in oral tradition; in the passing on of stories from generation to generation in the language of the people. To AW the language had a great importance. She uses the â€Å"Slave language†, which by others is seen as â€Å"not correct language†, but this is because of the effect she wants the reader to understand.

Ethno Religious Crisis in Nigeria: Causes and Remedy.

ETHNO RELIGIOUS CRISIS IN NIGERIA: CAUSES AND REMEDY. BY MUHAMMAD GAMBO ISGOGO HASSAN ADAMU MAKUKU UMAR HAMIDU ALIYU ABSTRACT Introduction Nigeria is no doubt a populous nation of over 88 million (1991 population census) but as at now Nigeria’s population is estimated to be above 120 million people of diverse ethnic groups and many religions. Its people are differently distributed in the 36 states that made up the nation. In addition to this, the nation is blessed with many economic potentialities which help in the movement of the various peoples through the process of economic inter-dependence. Though abounds with human and natural resources, the country has since independence witnessed a number of inter and intra ethnic and religious crisis which continue to be an impediment to its overall development. The causes of conflicts between and within ethnic and religious groups could be seen in a number of factors, such as ways of propagating the religions, mistrust and suspicion between the followers of the various religious and ethnic groups, selfishness ignorance and intolerance amongst the two groups. References are made in the holy books, such as the Glorious Qu’ran and the Holy Bible on their teachings showing how if fully adhered to, the nation will be in peace. In this respect, the prevailing crisis might not be un- connected with the deviation of the teachings of these religions by their followers. In the paper, causes of these crises are discussed and some suggestions are provided which if properly implemented will serve as remedies to both ethnic and religious crisis in the nation. Ethnic Crisis In Nigeria. In the words of Eleazu â€Å"the people of Nigeria are many and varied†1. Actually, a nation with a population of over 120 million people now and about 391 different ethnic groups2 with divergent socio-political, economic, cultural and religious backgrounds could be termed a nation of many and varied peoples. With this heterogametic nature. Nigeria has thus, become a melting pot where social conflicts and especially of ethnic nature are bound to occur. Causes of ethnic crisis in Nigeria are many comprising of both long and short term factors. There had been in the past for example, serious inter-ethnic rivalry to secure slaves for both domestic use and trans-Atlantic slave trade and secondly, there were wars of expanding the territories of the various states, kingdoms and empires that made up what is today Nigeria. These wars were the predominant activities of the various ethnic groups which became a factor of bitter relationship amongst them in the past. This situation of enmity between the various ethnic groups was according to Ryder From the 18th century onwards when the slave trade supplied weapons that made these conflicts more destructive. Internally, a sharpening of divisions within societies is well attested3. These wars caused serious insecurity so that many old towns were relocated in mountainous areas or mass defensive walls were constructed to avoid the intrusion of enemies. It is worth noting that these earlier conflicts were sponsored by the European slavers. In this way one could say, the seed for such conflicts was planted right in the period before colonial rule. Slave trade on its own was an inhuman act and therefore a terrorist act. In the colonial period, the colonial system of dividing what is today Nigeria into three administrative units had contributed greatly in shaping the present day relationship of suspicion, fear and mistrust among the divergent ethnic groups in the country. The administrative units were:-Lagos colony, Southern Protectorate and Northern protectorate, in this arrangement, the north was excluded from the central administration. This exclusion was to later have a serious implication on the relationship between the people of the north and those of the South, (East and West). The implication became more pronounced when in 1914, the three administrative units were amalgamated. This action was marked by mutual suspicion and sometimes open conflict between the diversed ethnic groups. One could say at this juncture that, this suspicion and fear still shapes the relationship between the peoples of these various corners of the country. This is also the genesis of the subsequent crisis of ethnic nature in Nigeria. Today, Nigerians feel insecure in the regions other than their own. The sectional feeling further manifests itself clearly in the unhealthy competition in all aspects of the government between the peoples of the North, West and East. Tensions between these peoples become more and more intensified with each trying to protect its sectional interest. On this note, Awolowo, cited in Ekeh, P. P. and Osaghae, E. E. eds blamed the British: For dividing the North from the South so thoroughly and effectively that the two were divergently and almost irreconcilably oriented4 With Federalism which was instituted to primarily to avoid one ethnic group dominating others and also protecting the interests of the minorities, the nation was once again split into regions, each with its autonomous power. In this political arrangement also, it was observed that: The colonial administrators have passed on to the Nigerian wards the prejudices which had enabled them think and act in the belief that this informal federation was a marriage of convenience between incompatibles 5. With this impression in the minds of Nigerian peoples, it becomes very difficult for them to work harmoniously together without such tribal conflicts. Each of the tribes of the country today works only for the interest of its people and not the nation, thus in these blind competitions of each trying to dominate the other, conflicts of ethnic nature always occur. Clear testimony to this was that the political parties of the first Republic were regionally organized; Northern Peoples’ Congress (NPC), was for the North, Action Group (AG) was for the West (Yoruba) while National Council of Nigerian Citizens (NCNC) was for the East (Igbo). Equally the major parties of the second republic were only the reincarnation of those of the first republic, National Party of Nigeria (NPN) for example replicated the NPC, United Party of Nigeria (UPN) was the AG incarnate while the National Peoples Party (NPP) replicated the NCNC. Each of these worked tirelessly to protect the interest of its geopolitical zone, and in so doing, conflicts occur. A case to mention here was the coup and counter coup of January and July 1966 which came about as a result of the heedless pride, greed, selfishness and shortcomings of the members of these three regions. The wound inflicted by the Nigerian civil war did not heal properly as there are still moves for secession in the country. Minority issues in Nigeria are also seen as one important phenomenon which causes ethnic conflicts in the country. These minority tribes were once neglected in the socio-political and economic affairs of the country. Nigeria was seen and regarded as the home of only three tribes; Hausa/Fulani, Igbo and Yoruba. But later even Arthur Richard cited in Ekeh, P. P and Osaghae, E. E confirmed that: It is only accident of British suzerainty which has made Nigeria one country or one nation socially, economically and even politically, there are deep differences between the major ethnic groups. They do not speak the same language and they have highly divergent customs and ways of life and they represent stages of culture. 6 From the 1950s till date, the reality of Nigerian problem started to unfold. Many minority ethnic groups began to feature in the sharp competitions in the entire aspects of government. This is done through the formation of their own political parties and associations in order to out do the activities of major ethnic groups whom they regard and see as threats to their economic and political aspirations. This suspicion and fear by the minority tribes over the major tribes remain a prominent feature in the Nigerian socio-political and economic activities and have in no small measure helped in intensifying ethnic crisis in the country. The desire to harness and utilize the God given economic potentials distributed in all parts of the country made the movements and permanent settlement of different tribes in different regions of the country inevitable. Socio-political and economic relations that follow, crisis of leadership result in serious clashes between many tribes. In 2002 for example, there was a serious conflict between the Yoruba and Hausa over the leadership of a cattle market in Bodija, Ibadan and in Jos, the conflict is still on between the Hausa and some tribes over who has the legal right of chieftaincy. Cases of this nature are numerous and too many to be mentioned here. One can also still see the traces of the British administration in Nigeria on the issue of sectionalism. It is worth mentioning that after forty four (44) years of independence and despite several calls for national unity, associations of purely tribal interest are established in the country. In the West, there is the Ooduwa Peoples’ Congress (OPC) for purely Yoruba people, in the East, there is the Ohaneze (Ndi Igbo) purely for Igbo people, while in the North, there is Arewa Consultative Forum for the northern peoples. It should be noted that all these associations have been established to directly and openly protect the interests of their respective peoples. Where their interests clash, it results to conflicts. Many ethnic crises in Nigeria are as a result of the activities of these associations. It is very disheartening to add that these tribal associations and other purely tribally motivated movements are directly supported and sponsored by top serving and retired government personalities. These supports only help in fueling crisis of ethnic nature in the country. Worst still, is that security and law enforcement agents always take sides when performing any national assignment of peace keeping. These agents openly support their people even if they are the offenders. This issue is no doubt causing further ethnic crisis and even escalating the existing ones. One cannot also delink this problem of ethnic crisis with the activities of the â€Å"area boys† who emerge suddenly as the result of the growing unemployment in the country. These groups of unemployed, misguided, disgruntled and unpatriotic teenagers unnecessarily cause commotions and misunderstanding under the pretext of tribal issues to enable them loot and steal private and public property. Area boyism is therefore a force to reckon with in causing tribal conflicts in the country. But it is worth mentioning here that some of the activities of these area boys are mostly engineered and sponsored by the selfish, greedy and unpatriotic politicians who by all means and at all cost wan to win election or cause unnecessary commotions. Under the pretext of tribalism, they therefore incite such crises in the country. Wrong and exaggerated information by the press and the media houses sometimes form the background for tribal conflicts in the country. Such exaggerated news will only spark up some ethnic groups to avenge on some innocent victims. Almizan of 16th Zulkida 1420 for example reported that over 2000 Hausa people were killed by the Igbo in the East to avenge the killings of Igbo in Kaduna7. The Igbo took this action because the nation was erroneously informed of the Kaduna crisis by the Today Newspaper of 21/2/2000. ollowing this, other major towns in the country started brewing with tension. No one can quantify the extent of damages caused by these ethnic crises in Nigeria. Hundreds of thousands of lives were lost leaving behind them so many orphans and widows, many were maimed and wounded, private and public property worth millions of naira were damaged. Also the tribes of Nigeria are left in a terrible sta te of perpetual psychological insecurity and fear especially those settling in a region other than their own. In this way, the spirit of national cohesion which is the bedrock of peace and stability still remain a dream, Nigerians therefore remain in either cold war or open war with one another. Religious Crisis In Nigeria (Causes) The causes of religious crisis in Nigeria seem to have been an event that occurs as a surprise to all concerned citizens of the nation. The crisis are mostly centered on religion though with some hidden motives. Religion which is often used as cover up is considered as one of the major causes of the crisis in Nigeria. Definition of Religion. Religion according to the Oxford Dictionary is defined as â€Å"one of the systems of faith that are based on the belief in the existence of a particular God or gods: Jewish religion, Christian Religion, Islamic religion and other world religions8. It is also defined as, a particular interest or influence that is very important in one’s life 9. Christianity is the belief in Christ, the man that Christians believe is the son of God and on those teachings the Christian religion is based. The prayer book 1998 states: the Christian faith is based on the belief in one God summarized in what is popularly known as Nicene Creed thus reads: We believe in one God, the father, the Almighty, maker of heaven and earth, of all that is seen and unseen. We believe in one Lord, Jesus Christ, God from God, light from light, true God from true God, begotten not made, of one being with the father, through him all things were made. For us men and for our salvation he came down from heaven by the power of the Holy Spirit he became incarnate of the Virgin Mary and was made man†¦. 0 Islam as a religion is an Arabic word and connotes submission, surrender and obedience to the laws of Allah. Islam is to enter into peace and Muslim is one who makes his peace wit Allah and man’s peace wit Allah implies complete submission to his will and peace wit man is not only to refrain from evil, injury to another man but also o do good to him. Christianity and Islam as religions of peace pre ach peace and co existence among their adherents. The Bible says in the Book of Prophet Isaiah 9:6 Proclaimed Jesus Christ as â€Å"the prince of peace†12. It will be absurd to see the followers of this prince of peace breaching the peace that was announced. Based on Islamic peace teaching, Al-Ezzati observed, that: The task of guiding the misled to virtuous behavior and persuading them to stop doing wrong (Al-amir bil-al-ma-rouf wa-al-nahy anil-munkar) is laid on every Muslim and this is why every Muslim is supposed to preach righteousness and decency13 . Religious crisis in Nigeria seems to be as a result of digression from the teachings of both religions. Prophet Isa (Jesus) (AS) displayed a good model and requested all his followers to emulate. In the New Testament, the apostle Paul in his admonition to the Romans in chapter 12:9, 10 & 18 charged them: Let love be without dissimulation, abhor that which is evil, cleave to that which is good. Be kindly affectionate one to another with brotherly love; in honour preferring one another. If it is possible, as much as lieth in you, live peaceably with all men14. In Galatians 5:22 peaceful co-existence is described as one of the Christian virtues. The teachings of Prophet Muhammad (SAW) have shown in theory and practice too, the right of neighbours both Muslims and non-Muslims, in a Hadith which states: Whosoever happens to be such that his (or her) neighbours do not feel secured of being afflicted from his evils, will not be admitted into paradise15. Another Hadith states : By Allah he has not acquired Iman (faith) and by Allah he has not acquired Iman. So it was said â€Å"who is that person O ye messenger of Allah: He said, that one whose neighbours do not feel safe from the evil in him or (her). Bukhari narrated 16. The above traditions teach harmonious relationship that is to be encouraged by both followers of the two faiths especially the Muslims. To buttress further from the Christian side, the Holy Bible, in Peter 3:11 says: Let him eschew evil, and do good, let him seek peace and ensue it. For the eyes of the Lord are over the righteous, and his ears are open unto their prayers. But the face of the Lord is against them that do evil 17. If such teachings are emulated by both Muslims and non-Muslims of the world, and Nigeria in particular, there will be no religious crisis. Most if not all of the crisis occurred out of ignorance. The present society tends to neglect all the above teachings and behave recklessly as explained above. Umar Ibn Khattab the second caliph said when sending troops to the battle field. Destroy not fruit trees, nor fertile fields in your path, be just and spare the feelings of the vanquished, respect all religious persons who live in hermitage or convents, and spare their edifice18. Ezzati further explains how caliph Umar protected the people of the Book. The killings, destructions being done in the process of fighting each other is not religious. In one of Jesus’ last sermons to his disciples in John 14:27, He said: Peace I leave with you, my peace I give unto you19. As mentioned above, the religious crisis in Nigeria are mostly manifested out of none adherence to the teachings of all the religions, since all the Holy books like the Qur’an and the Bible teaches peaceful co-existence of the people. The Qur’an openly states in chapter 2: verse 190 Fight for the sake of those that fight against you, but do not attack them first. Allah does not love aggressors20. It is therefore not true to say that the Muslim leaders or Christians of Nigeria are ignorant of such verses and the relationship that existed at the early state, which is supposed to be emulated by the present society. Qur’an 2:256 states: There should be no compulsion in religion21. Another verse states 109:6 Unto you your religion and unto me my religion22. The above verses shows that many religions could co-exist in harmony without conflict since followers of every religion are enjoined to stick to their religions. For example, in the time of the Prophet Muhammad (SAW), some religions existed side by side with Islam, and the prophet himself accorded much respect to the followers of these religions. The Qur’an is full of teachings in which no doubt about it, a guidance to those who are pious, who fear Allah and very much abstain from all kinds of sins and evil deeds which Allah has forbidden, and performance of good deeds which He has ordained. Several crises occurred in many parts of Nigeria from the initial stage as tribal and later turned to religious crisis. But the question is, were all these actually religious crisis, if they were, were the forerunners of these crises ignorant of such teachings of the glorious Qur’an and The Bible? One may likely say that such crisis were not religious as such, since the holy prophet states in one of his traditions that the blood of a brother Muslim is only lawful in three ways: 1. When a Muslim kills a Muslim brother, he will be killed. 2. When he commits apostasy (Ridda) and warned to repent, if he refused, he will be killed. 3. When a married man or married woman commits adultery he or she will be killed. Again the messenger of Allah (P. B. U. H) said: A thief will not commit theft at the time he/she commits it while he is still a Mumin and drunkard will no drink at the time he/she drinks while he/she is still a mumin, and the armed robber will not commit robbery of the precious thing, with people watching him at the time he commits robbery while he is still a mumin23. The above Hadith illustrated the situation in Nigeria about those who call themselves religious and yet engage in such irreligious crisis. As pointed out above, the immediate causes of which can therefore be attributed to: A. Pretensious ignorance of followers of the dominant religions in their religious tenets coupled with lack of proper adherence to the teachings of their religions. B. Due to Lack of Allah’s consciousness ethno – religious crisis arising from economic consideration from the leaders of Nigeria, many of the crisis are economically ignited, e. g. with all Nigeria’s oil wealth, what has been done to alleviate the sufferings of the majority masses. In such a case, uprisings occur in the name of religious crisis where the frustrated Nigerians will take laws into their hands in the name of protecting the interest of their various religions. Though Muslims cite example of a hadith which says: If one sees an abomination he should correct it with his hand and if that is not possible, he should correct it with his tongue and if that is not possible he should hate it in his heart, the later being the weakest degree of faith24. The above Hadith shows the level of correction to be embarked upon by any good Muslim, not the correction through destruction as it is done in Nigeria. This is the correction that is done, not with the loss of lives or destruction of public property C. Although Nigeria is a secular state, yet some top government officials   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  take biased decisions in favour of their religions, especially on   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  employment and other government affairs. This action always provokes   the followers of other religions which consequently result to crisis in the name of religion. An example is that of complains by Christians about the Arabic inscriptions in the Nigerian currency, while on the other hand the Muslims too complain about Friday not being work-free day just like their Christian  counterparts enjoy Sundays as work free day. D. Misunderstanding of the concept of shariah: Some Muslims and non Muslims in the country are ignorant of the entire   concept of shariah and therefore, see it as an instrument of oppression   and abuse of human rights. With this erroneous conception of shariah,   some Muslims and non Muslims oppose its implementation openly and   in so doing conflicts of religious nature occur. To this end, remedy to these problems must be sought in order to      create a peaceful social environment for the overall development of our   country, Nigeria. Suggestions As Remedies For Ethno-Religious Crisis In Nigeria. We have seen that the socio-political history of Nigeria has been bedeviled with series of conflicts especially of ethnic and religious nature. These conflicts are also varied, sometimes within a given religion or between religions, so also is the case with ethnic crisis. These crisis are seriously hindering the nation towards achieving one of its desired objectives of unity and stability which is the basic pre-requisite for any meaningful development. Below are a number of suggestions which would serve as remedies to the frequent ethnic and religious crisis in the country. 1. The method of imparting to the Nigerian citizenry the spirit of patriotism should be revisited. Nigerians should be fully acquainted with the ethics of patriotism. They should be made to take the nation first before any sectional interest. 2. Followers of both religions should value and adhere strictly to the teachings of their faiths since all religions are peace-loving, the spirit of tolerance ad cooperation will be developed so that Nigerians can work with one another peacefully. . The basic aim of the Federal Character Commission should be observed with all sense of seriousness. The aim is : â€Å"to give every citizen of Nigeria a sense of belonging to the nation notwithstanding the diversities of ethnic origin, culture, language or religion which may exist and which it is their desireto nourish, harness to the enrichment of the federal Republic of Nige ria†. If this aim is fully implemented, all Nigerians irrespective of language, religions or sex will have a sense of belonging and fuller participation in all government affairs without discrimination. In this way the feeling of one tribe or religion dominating the other will be discarded. 4. Formation of associations of purely tribal nature should be out rightly discouraged. 5. Inter-faiths Mediation Centers should be developed at all levels of government. 6. Law enforcement and security agents should be re-oriented on the importance of being neutral when putting down crisis of any nature in the country. 7. Standards should be set for preaching on all religions. In this way rampant preaching by the scholars of various religions could be controlled. 8. The supreme bodies of various religions in the country should enforce the law guiding the adherence of their belief system. Muslims for example should be made to apply Shari’ah. In the same vein application of ecclesial law should be encourage . In this way conflicts within and between religions would be reduced. 9. Media houses and the press should always be fair in their reports, especially when it involves crisis of ethnic and religious nature. 10. As some of the crisis are caused deliberately by area boys and certain movements, this is actually reflecting the economic situation of the country. Effort should be done to reduce the activities of area boyism through employment and equitable distribution of the nation’s wealth. 11. There should be total war against the debilitating problems of ignorance, poverty and disease, therefore promoting the well being of the individuals that make up the nation. Notes And References 1. Eleazu, U. â€Å"History and Geography of Nigeria† in Eleazu U. Ed. Nigeria: The first 25 years, Lagos Heinemann. 1985 -p3 2. Abdul Basir, A. A. & Bala, U. K, â€Å"In search of Lingua Franca/National Language Towards Sustainable Democracy for Nation Building†. A seminar paper presented at the 1st national Conference organized by School of Arts & Social Sciences, F. C. E. Kontagora. From 26th – 30th April. 2004, p- 1 3. Ryder, A. F. C. â€Å"The Trans-Atlantic slave Trade† in Obaro, I. Ed. Groundwork of Nigerian History, Ibadan, Heinemann. 1980. p150 4. Ekeh, P. P. and Osaghae, E. E. (eds) Federal Character and Federalism in Nigeria, Ibadan, Heinemann. 1989;   p 337 5. Ibid, p337 6. Ibid, p340 7. Al-mizan of 16th Zulkida, 1420; Similarly see all the publications of Almizan and other Kaduna based Newspapers published within the period of the Kaduna crisis, I. . from 20th February, 2000. 8. Hornby, A. S. Oxford Advanced Learners’ Dictionary of Current English, 6th Ed. New York. 2000. p 900 9. Ibid pp. 900 10. The Holy Bible: Authorized King James Version, U. S. A. World Publishing. Ioma falls Ioma 50126 p. 165 11. Edmund, P. Christianity in Northern Nigeria. 2nd Ed. Zaria, Gaskiya Corporation. 1976, p131. 12. Ibid,p. 13 1. 13. Ezzati, A. An introduction to the History of the spread of Islam, Lagos, Islamic Publication Bureau. 1979. p 4. 14. Ibid, p 116 15. Idris, I. G. The need of a Muslim (Bugyatul-Muslimina) English translation, Kauran Wali Islamic Publishers, Kaduna. 1979. p 49. 16. Ibid pp 49 17. Ibid in Peter 3:11 18. Ezzati, A. 1979 p. 5. 19. Authorized King James Version, John 14:27 pp. 78 20. King Fahd Complex The noble Qur’an, English Translation of the meanings and commentary. (1419 A. H). 2:190 21 Ibid, 2:256 22Ibid, 109: 6 23. Abdur Rahman, I. Doi. Shariah: The Islamic Law, Ta Ha Publications, London, 1984 p 355/6 24Idris, I. G. 1979. p. 50.

Care Plan for Neuman

Nursing Care Plan Using Neuman’s Model Nursing Diagnosis using NANDA diagnoses terminology| Measurable Goals| Nursing Outcomes (interventions)| Level(s) of Prevention for each Intervention| Self-care deficit r/t physical limitations and frustration over loss of independence AEB in ability to perform ADL’s such as bathing, grooming, hygiene, and dressing. | Patient will be dressed and out of bed for therapy daily over the next 30 days. Ace will be free of skin breakdown for the next 60 days. Pt will assist with ADL’s to the highest degree possible over the next 30 days.Ace with bathe and dress self with min-assist/supervision and cues in 90 days. | 1. Encourage patient to be accountable for specific aspects of care (i. e. brush teeth daily)2. Set up grooming items and encourage participation3. Assist with ADL’s if Ace is unable4. Encourage, cue and assist to select clothing and dress appropriately daily5. Ambulate pt with assist (as directed by PT)6. Monito r for c/o discomfort, foul smelling, and discolored urine 7. Assist with and encourage good peri-care with each toileting 8.Educate pt on breaking tasks into small steps. Limit choices to two, and provide reminder and cues during tasks   | 1. Primary2. Secondary4. Primary5. Secondary6. Primary7. Primary8. Teritary |   Risk for impaired skin integrity R/T immobility, mechanical pressure & sheer. | Ace will be turned/repositioned Q 2 hrs. with assist of 1-2 people. Ace will complete transfers with min-mod assist of 1 as required. Ace will be out of bed daily, as tolerated, transfers will be with assist of 1-2 staff as required. | 1.While in bed staff with assist Ace to turn/reposition self-using pillows and wedges to maintain position. 2. Place call light w/in easy reach3. PT to educate Ace on assistive devices4. Remind and encourage Ace to call for assistance when needed5. Ace will be out of bed to chair daily as tolerated  | 1. Primary2. Secondary3. Primary4. Secondary5. Terit ary|   Impaired physical mobility related to neuromuscular impairment r/t Hypertension, Occlusion within vessels of the brain parenchyma disruption of blood supply in the brain area, tissue and cell necrosis.   Ace will be free of injury for next 30 days. | 1. Change position Q 2 hrs. 2. Teaching related to ambulation and transfers by PT/OT and nursing. 3. Evaluation and education of assistive devices as directed by therapies. 4. Education on diet, nutrition and speech consult 5. Encourage use of non-skid shoes/footwear6. Provides safety measures (side rails up, using pillows to support body part)  | 1. Primary2. Tertiary3. Tertiary4. Primary5. Secondary6. Primary|

The Universe Essays (1255 words) - Physical Cosmology, Big Bang

The Universe Essays (1255 words) - Physical Cosmology, Big Bang The Universe It is always a mystery about how the universe began, whether if and when it will end. Astronomers construct hypotheses called cosmological models that try to find the answer. There are two types of models: Big Bang and Steady State. However, through many observational evidences, the Big Bang theory can best explain the creation of the universe. The Big Bang model postulates that about 15 to 20 billion years ago, the universe violently exploded into being, in an event called the Big Bang. Before the Big Bang, all of the matter and radiation of our present universe were packed together in the primeval fireballan extremely hot dense state from which the universe rapidly expanded.1 The Big Bang was the start of time and space. The matter and radiation of that early stage rapidly expanded and cooled. Several million years later, it condensed into galaxies. The universe has continued to expand, and the galaxies have continued moving away from each other ever since. Today the universe is still expanding, as astronomers have observed. The Steady State model says that the universe does not evolve or change in time. There was no beginning in the past, nor will there be change in the future. This model assumes the perfect cosmological principle. This principle says that the universe is the same everywhere on the large scale, at all times.2 It maintains the same average density of matter forever. There are observational evidences found that can prove the Big Bang model is more reasonable than the Steady State model. First, the redshifts of distant galaxies. Redshift is a Doppler effect which states that if a galaxy is moving away, the spectral line of that galaxy observed will have a shift to the red end. The faster the galaxy moves, the more shift it has. If the galaxy is moving closer, the spectral line will show a blue shift. If the galaxy is not moving, there is no shift at all. However, as astronomers observed, the more distance a galaxy is located from Earth, the more redshift it shows on the spectrum. This means the further a galaxy is, the faster it moves. Therefore, the universe is expanding, and the Big Bang model seems more reasonable than the Steady State model. The second observational evidence is the radiation produced by the Big Bang. The Big Bang model predicts that the universe should still be filled with a small remnant of radiation left over from the original violent explosion of the primeval fireball in the past. The primeval fireball would have sent strong shortwave radiation in all directions into space. In time, that radiation would spread out, cool, and fill the expanding universe uniformly. By now it would strike Earth as microwave radiation. In 1965 physicists Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson detected microwave radiation coming equally from all directions in the sky, day and night, all year.3 And so it appears that astronomers have detected the fireball radiation that was produced by the Big Bang. This casts serious doubt on the Steady State model. The Steady State could not explain the existence of this radiation, so the model cannot best explain the beginning of the universe. Since the Big Bang model is the better model, the existence and the future of the universe can also be explained. Around 15 to 20 billion years ago, time began. The points that were to become the universe exploded in the primeval fireball called the Big Bang. The exact nature of this explosion may never be known. However, recent theoretical breakthroughs, based on the principles of quantum theory, have suggested that space, and the matter within it, masks an infinitesimal realm of utter chaos, where events happen randomly, in a state called quantum weirdness.4 Before the universe began, this chaos was all there was. At some time, a portion of this randomness happened to form a bubble, with a temperature in excess of 10 to the power of 34 degrees Kelvin. Being that hot, naturally it expanded. For an extremely brief and short period, billionths of billionths of a second, it inflated. At the end of the period of inflation, the universe may have a diameter of a few centimetres. The temperature had cooled enough for particles of matter and antimatter to form, and they instantly destroy each other, producing fire and a thin haze of matter-apparently because slightly more matter than antimatter was formed.5 The fireball, and the smoke of its burning, was the universe at an age of trillionth of a second. The temperature of the expanding fireball dropped rapidly, cooling

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Collapse by Jared Diamond - Essay Example All these societies have experienced different climatic, environmental, economic, and technological conditions. How the success or failure of these societies depends on these conditions and how these societies have responded to the changed condition is what the book is all about. The root problem, according to the author, in all but one of these factors leading to collapse is overpopulation. The factor of accidentally or intentionally introducing non-native species to a region has nothing to do with overpopulation. However Diamond feels that environmental damage alone is not a major factor responsible for all collapses. For instance in the collapse of the Soviet Union and the destruction of Carthage by Rome in 146 BC, it was military or economic factors alone that were responsible. Part One describes the environment prevailing in the US state of Montana. It attempts to give a human face to the interaction between society and the environment by focussing on the lives of several individuals. Part Two describes societies that have collapsed.Here Diamond considers the five factors that may affect society, namely climatic change, environmental damage, hostile neighbors and trade partners and lastly the societys responses to the problems caused by the environment. The Greenland Norse : Causes of collapse include climate change, hostile neighbours, environmental damage, loss of trading partners and also because of the unwillingness to change when confronted with social collapse At the end of Part Two Diamond discusses the success stories of three regions, namely the Pacific island of Tikopia, the agricultural success of central New Guinea and the success of forest management in Japan. Diamond describes the terrible situations in Haiti and Rwanda. He also portrays the contemporary Third World where societies have failed because of overpopulation and depletion of environmental resources He is worried about rising mega

Industry and Labor Relations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Industry and Labor Relations - Assignment Example Moreover in Virginia which traditionally had been dominated by agriculture and commodities had had an economy that was less likely to be dominated by unionized workers. Q#2- The challenges and opportunities that are faced when dealing with labor practice are varied between different professions and economic entities insofar as all organizations conduct different initiatives to help improve their competitiveness. In the American context one could argue that one challenge would be better integration of professionals from different fields (Metalworkers and carpenters for example) to better integrate their practices to ensure a better building project. However the challenge associated with this would be that different stakeholders have different needs tan the accommodation of these needs may be challenging for human resource professionals. Q#3- Globalization is the integration of different economies, societies, countries etc. through improved communication techniques, trade and less expe nsive transportation. The way in which globalization has had an impact on labor practices is that it has in effect made labor practices more transparent.